CHE 697M
Nanomaterials Chemistry and Engineering
Course Syllabus (Fall 2003)
Instructor: Prof. Hugh W. Hillhouse
Email: hugh@ecn.purdue.edu
Office: CHME 304B, Phone 496-6056
Office hours: Tuesdays 4-6 pm
Prerequisites: There are no formal prerequisites apart from graduate standing and an interest in the material. The course material will be relatively self-contained. However, you will find textbooks on general chemistry, physical chemistry, colloid chemistry, quantum mechanics, and solid state physics as valuable tools along our journey. See the reference list.
Lectures: TTh 9:00 - 10:30 AM FRNY 110. Some notes and supplementary material will be posted on the course webpage (http://atom.ecn.purdue.edu/~che697m)
Textbook: There is no formal textbook. However, some lectures will follow certain sections of books on the reference list.
Description:
All nanotechnology relies on nanomaterials, and developing an understanding of the structure and chemistry of these materials is the key to engineering new technologies. Developments of novel nanomaterials have already led to improved cracking catalysts, stronger fibers, energy efficient light emitting diodes (used in new traffic lights), low dielectric constant films (that allow for faster, smaller integrated circuits), and magnetic data storage devices with higher storage densities. However, the potential for future advances is limited only by our creativity. Nanomaterials may be created either from the top-down by conventional lithographic techniques or from the bottom-up by utilizing chemical interactions and self-assembly. The development of material for this course will focus exclusively on the bottom-up approach and the resulting materials. The current course is designed to give students a rigorous introduction to selected topics in bottom-up nanomaterials and will be divided into three parts: (1) the novel physics and chemistry associated with the nanoscale, (2) the "materials chemistry" of nanomaterials, and (3) engineering applications of nanomaterials.
In the first part we will survey the unique electronic, chemical, magnetic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties that materials display as the critical dimension of the material is reduced. We will discuss the length scales at which these effects occur to answer the question: how small is small enough? To frame this discussion we will review the electronic structure of materials and some basic physics and materials science. The second part will constitute the bulk of the course and will focus on the materials chemistry of nanomaterials. Topics to be included are: the electronic and physical structure of condensed matter, scattering theory, diffraction, intermolecular forces, self-assembly, colloidal phenomena, and the solution chemistry of metal oxides. The final part of the course will focus on understanding (chemical) engineering processes, phenomena, and devices that employ nanomaterials. In particular we will discuss adsorption in nanoporous materials, nanostructured catalysts, and if time allows novel nanostructured photovoltaics and fuel cells.
Course Structure:
Exams:
A midterm and a final will be given and will each count for 20% of the course grade. There will be no make-up exams. In cases of extreme duress (e.g., hospitalization) and only with Prof. Hillhouse’s permission, will arrangements be made to make-up or miss an exam.
Web Project:
Each student will be required to design and deploy a website based on a topic relevant to the course. The intent of each website will be to educate a would-be surfer on the topic of your choice. Each website must have explanations and descriptions for two different categories of surfers, the layperson and the general scientist. The websites should contain graduate level material, analysis, and insight that results from the careful study of recent scientific journal articles. Some of the aspects you should consider addressing are the following:
1. The big picture-- why is this material, device, or phenomena important
2. Background and context in nanoscale science and engineering
3. Pertinent physics and chemistry-- educate the viewer
4. Technological applications
5. Synthesis and characterization of materials
6. Engineering and/or device development
7. Assessment of the state of the art
8. Identification of key journal articles
9. Problems that must be overcome
Also, please note that you may reproduce figures, tables, schematics, etc. from other publications IF they are referenced properly. However, the approach, the organization, and the text must originate from you. Cases of plagiarism will result in an F in the course. There are no minimum or maximum length requirements other than the fact that the site must be sufficient to cover the chosen topic.
To assess your progress, I will evaluate the websites on October 24 and assign a midterm grade. I will give you feedback on improvements and additions for the final website. Near the end of the term, the websites will be opened for peer review. Each student will be required to review and evaluate a subset of the websites. Each reviewer will be asked to assign a grade to the website and recommend that the website be:
Those websites that are accepted and revised will be transferred to the course homepage and published (with full credit to the author) on the WWW with a permanent URL assigned so that the site may be reference by you and other across the web. Note that permissions may need to be obtained for non-original website content. Links to these sites will be submitted to search engines and other nanotechnology websites in order to better educate the public and the scientific community on these selected topics in nanomaterials. Since these websites will be permanent additions to the WWW and will reflect on your scholarship as well as that of the University, only the best sites will be published.
Some possible choices of topics are listed below, but feel free to suggest alternative topics. Please report your selected topic to me by September 8th. After choosing a topic, please begin the web development in your own university account. To start a webpage on the Chemical Engineering server (atom), login and type “webinit”. This will create the requisite files in a fold called “public-web”. Please create a directory in the public-web folder called “che697m” (all lower case). You may proceed to develop the web page using Microsoft Front Page from the Windows environment or simply code it in HTML from UNIX.
Course Grade:
Homework Assignments 30%
Web Project Midterm Evaluation 10%
Web Project Final Evaluation 20%
Midterm Exam 20%
Final Exam 20%
Note: For web project final evaluation, half of the grade will be assigned by peer evaluations with the other half assigned by Prof. Hillhouse.
Some Possible Topics for Web Projects
Ab initio structure solution of nanomaterials by simulated annealing
Atomic layer epitaxy of oxide materials
Carbon nanotube separation/processing
Catalysis in surfactant/polymer templated nanoporous materials
Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes
Chemistry of metal organic framework materials (ex. MOF-5)
Clay-polymer nanocomposites
CNT electronics
Dealumination of zeolites
DFT modeling of hysteresis in adsorption isotherms
Diffusion in nanoporous materials
Dip-pen nanolithography
Dye-sensitized solar cells
Field emission devices from CNT
Gas separations with nanoporous materials
Hydrogen generation using nanomaterials
Hydrogen storage in nanomaterials
Limits of lithography (optical, x-ray and e-beam)
Low dielectric constant nanostructured materials
Magnetic properties of nanomaterials
Measurement of local density of states
Mechanical properties of nanomaterials
Molecular beam epitaxy of superlattices
NanoElectroMechanical Systems (NEMS)
Nanoparticle composites by phase separation in solids
Nanoscale effects in heterogeneous catalysis
Nanoscale violation of the 2nd law
Nanostructured fuel cell catalysts
Nanostructured fuel cell membranes
Nanostructured photocatalysts
Nanostructured thermoelectrics
Optical properties of nanomaterials
Population balance modeling of zeolite nucleation
Pore size determination from adsorption isotherms
Progress towards zeolite membranes for gas separations
Quantum well LED’s
Schottky barrier based solar cells
Self-assembled diblock or triblock copolymers
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)
Silicon nanoclusters
Solution synthesized quantum dots
Surfactant/polymer templated nanoporous chalcogenides
Surfactant/polymer templated nanoporous metals
Surfactant/polymer templated nanoporous semiconductors
Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles
Synthesis of templated nanoporous carbon
Templated electrochemical growth of nanowires
Templating crystalline nanoporous materials (zeolites)
Vapor phase synthesis metal nanoclusters
Vapor-liquid-solid synthesis of nanowires
Supplemental Reading and Reference List:
Introductory Level
1. General Chemistry, by Linus Pauling, Dover (1988). An easy to read, good general chemistry text full of insight (although any good college level general chemistry text should suffice).
2. Inorganic Chemistry, by D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, W.H. Freeman & Company (1999). A good introductory text on inorganic chemistry. Contains good brief introductions to electrochemistry and solid-state chemistry.
3. The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Vol. I-III, by Richard Feynman, Addison-Wesley (1963). One of the best physics books ever written.
4. Physical Chemistry, by R.A. Alberty & R.J. Silbey. A good physical chemistry text. The first and second editions are the best - later editions were watered down somewhat.
5. Physical Chemistry: A molecular approach, by Donald A. McQuarrie & John D. Simon, University Science Books (1997). Nominally a physical chemistry text, but focuses on quantum mechanics (from a chemist’s point of view).
6. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, by David J. Griffiths, Prentice Hall (1995). Probably the best introduction to quantum mechanics (presented from a physicist’s point of view).
7. The Solid State: An introduction to the physics of solids for students of physics, materials science, and engineering, by H.M. Rosenberg, Oxford (1988). A good accessible introduction to the solid state.
8. Introduction to Crystallography, by Donald E. Sands, Dover (1975). The best and most clear introduction to crystallography and crystal structures.
9. Elements of X-ray Diffraction, by B.D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley (1978). Good experimentally grounded text on x-ray diffraction. Nice treatment of Ewald’s construction in the appendix.
10. Introduction to Colloids and Surface Science, by D.J. Shaw, Butterworth-Heinemann (1992). A well written introduction to colloidal phenomena.
11. Sol-Gel Materials: Chemistry and Applications, by John D. Wright and Nico A.J.M. Sommerdijk, Taylor and Francis (2001). Good introduction to sol-gel chemistry and solution synthesis of oxide nanomaterials.
12. Solids and Surfaces: A chemist’s view of bonding in extended structures, by Roald Hoffmann, Wiley-VCH (1988). Excellent nonmathematical description of molecular orbital theory applied to solids and surfaces written by the Nobel Laureate.
13. The Language of Shape: The role of curvature in condensed matter physics, chemistry and biology, by Steven Hyde et al., Elsevier (1997). An eclectic analysis of self-assembled nanomaterials.
14. Nanotechnology, ed. by G. Timp, Springer-Verlag (1999). Nice collection of review articles on nanotechnology. Includes limits of lithography, semiconductor nanocrystals, carbon materials, quantum dots, and SPM fabrication.
Intermediate Level
1. Quantum Mechanics: Vol I & II, by Claude Cohen-Tannoudji et. al., Wiley (1977). Excellent quantum mechanics text. More in depth than Griffiths.
2. The Electronic Structure and Chemistry of Solids, by P.A. Cox, Oxford University Press (1987). Excellent text on the electron structure of materials. Basically a solid-state physics text from the chemist’s perspective presenting elementary band theory.
3. Electronic Structure of Materials, by A. P. Sutton, Oxford University Press (1993). An accessible but slightly more advanced text than Cox.
4. Chemical Bonding in Solids, J.K. Burdett, Oxford University Press (1995). A thorough discussion of bonding in solids based electronic structure arguments.
5. The Physics and Chemistry of Solids, by Stephen Elliott, Wiley (1998). A good integrated solid-state text for chemists, physicists, and engineers.
6. Physics of Amorphous Materials, by S.R. Elliott, Wiley (1990). A good treatment of the structure and properties of amorphous materials.
7. X-ray Diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals, and Amorphous Bodies, by A. Guinier, Dover (1994). Excellent theoretical treatment of x-ray diffraction and scattering.
8. Small Angle X-ray Scattering, ed. by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Academic Press (1982). Theory, method, and instrumentation for small angle x-ray scattering.
9. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications, by Andrew R. Leach, Prentice Hall (2001). Includes good introduction to computational chemistry, Monte Carlo techniques, and molecular dynamics.
10. The Colloidal Domain, by D.F. Evans & H. Wennerstrom, Wiley-VCH (1999). A good text on colloidal phenomena (more advanced than Shaw) written by Chemical Engineers.
11. Metal Oxide Chemistry and Synthesis: From Solution to Solid-State, by Jean-Pierre Jolivet, Wiley (2000). Excellent treatise on solution behaviour of metal oxides.
12. Nanostructured Materials, ed. Jackie Ying. Academic Press (2001). A small edited volume with some good articles on some specialized topics such as adsorption in nanoporous materials
13. Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications, by F. Rouquerol et al., Academic Press (1999). Treatise on (primarily) physisorption on surfaces and nanoporous materials. Contains lots of data, references, and practical information.
14. Principles of Adsorption and Reaction on Solid Surfaces, by R.I. Masel, Wiley (1996). Good accessible treatment of the principles of adsorption. Contains a theoretical treatment and a good review of computational results.
More Advanced
1. X-ray Diffraction, by B.E. Warren, Dover (1990). Classic graduate level text of diffraction theory, thorough and elegant. Includes treatment of imperfect crystals and order-disorder characterization.
2. Fundamentals of Crystallography, Ed. by C. Giacovazzo, Oxford University Press (1992). Down to business rigorous development of selected topics in crystallography.
3. The Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Joel I. Gersten & Frederick W. Smith, Wiley (2001). An advanced integrated text for chemists, physicists, and engineers.
4. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics, by P.M. Chaiken and T.C. Lubensky, Cambridge University Press (1995). A unifying advanced text on condensed matter physics, from hydrodynamics and scattering to elasticity and mean-field theory.
5. Colloidal Dispersions, by W.B. Russel, D.A. Saville, W.R. Schowalter, Cambridge University Press (1989). Good treatment of the physical aspects of colloid science, including hydrodynamics, Brownian motion, and electrostatics.
6. Quantum Mechanics, by Eugen Merzbacher, Wiley (1998). A graduate level quantum mechanics text.
7. Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, by Walter A. Harrison, Dover (1989). Excellent unified approach to bonding and the solid state.
8. Electron Transport in Mesoscopic Systems, by Supriyo Datta, Cambridge University Press (1995). Excellent introduction to electron transport in nanoscale systems. Provides a good intuitive analysis of lengths and transport-- a model of clarity by Purdue’s own Supriyo Datta.
9. Transport in Mesostructures, D.K. Ferry & S.M. Goodnick, Cambridge University Press (1997). Good text on electron transport in nanoscopic structures, including treatments on quantum confinement and transmission in nanoscale devices.